Nanda, Nanda Bayin (or Nandabayin; - 1600), was the king of the Taungoo Dynasty of Myanmar from 1581 to 1599. He succeeded his father Bayinnaung.
Nanda Bayin was the first son of King Bayinnaung of Pegu. He was made the crown prince upon the ascension of his father in 1551. As the crown prince, he led subjugation of Lanna and the sack of Vientiene in 1565. He also waged wars alongside his father against Ayutthaya that eventually led to the fall of the city in 1569.
Bayinnaung died in 1581. Crown Prince Nanda Bayin succeeded his father as the king of Pegu and appointed his first son Minchit Sra as the Crown Prince. Thatominthaw the King of Ava (Nanda Bayin’s brother-in-law), however, didn’t attend the coronation audience due to the crown prince’s treatment to the crown princess who was Thatominthaw’s daughter. Nanda Bayin was enraged at the inobedience of his brother-in-law, ordered the massacre of people supporting the King of Ava, and prepared a full-scale war against Ava.
Nanda Bayin also requested auxiliary troops from Prome, Toungoo, and Ayutthaya. The king was also to take Ava with the help of Prome and Toungoo and installed his son Minyi Kyawshwa. The Siamese armies led by crown prince Naresuan, however, marched towards Pegu. Nanda Bayin hurried down south to stop the Siamese from reaching the capital, only to find out that the Siamese prince had returned and sacked Mon cities on the way.
In 1583, Nanda Bayin sent his Burmese armies into Siam led by the crown prince to subjugate the country. The campaign, however, failed. Nanda Bayin decided to lead the armies himself into Siam in 1586 and reached Ayutthaya but laid siege on the city for five months without success. Then Nanda Bayin decided to retreat but was followed and harrassed by Siamese armies. In 1590, the king marched into Siam again with Minchit Sra in the vanguard, but the crown prince was again defeated by the Siamese led by Naresuan.
Nanda Bayin then mustered all available forces at his disposal aganist the Siamese. In 1592, a very large campaign was organized and the Burmese armies amassed towards Ayutthaya led by the crown prince. The Burmese and Siamese battled near Ayutthaya (see Battle of Nong Sarai and Yuttahadhi) and the crown prince and King Naresuan of Ayutthaya engaged a personal elephant battle, which resulted in Minchit Sra’s death.
With the death of Minchit Sra, Nanda Bayin appointed Minyi Kyawshwa the King of Ava as the crown prince. Nanda Bayin suffered several Mon rebellions around the city of Martaban and Moulmein that led to the expansion of Siamese influence into the Mon state. In 1594, Naresuan, with the supports from the Mon rebels, marched towards Pegu and laid siege on the city but then retreated due to an aggressive defence by the Kingdoms of Prome and Toungoo.
In 1595, however, the King of Prome who was Nanda Bayin’s son led a huge rebellion taking Toungoo and a large northern portion of the kingdom, proclaiming himself as an independent king. Nanda Bayin then lost trust in those close to him and requested the sons of tributary kings to be held hostage in Pegu. The King of Toungoo then requested the King of Rakhine to invade Pegu and made Toungoo king. The Arakan invasion was countered by the crown prince but the crown prince then gave himself up to Toungoo – where he was killed by Nat Shin Naung. Shocked by the death of his son and his own defeat, Nanda Bayin gave up the throne to the King of Toungoo in 1599 and was captured to Toungoo – therefore his epithet Toungooyawk Min (the king who was captured to Toungoo).
The abdicated king had survived for an another year before being assassinated by Nat Shin Naung in 1600.
fr:Nandabayin th:พระเจ้านันทบุเรง zh:莽应里
Nanda Devi is the second highest mountain in India and the highest entirely within the country (Kangchenjunga being on the border of India and Nepal); owing to this geography it was the highest known mountain in the world until computations on Dhaulagiri by western surveyors in 1808. It was also the highest mountain in India before Sikkim joined India. It is part of the Garhwal Himalaya, and is located in the state of Uttarakhand, between the Rishiganga valley on the west and the Goriganga valley on the east. Its name means Bliss-Giving Goddess.[1] The peak is regarded as the patron-goddess of the Uttarakhand Himalaya.
Nanda Devi is a two-peaked massif, forming a long high ridge, oriented east-west. The west summit is higher, and the eastern summit is called Nanda Devi East. Together the peaks are referred to as the twin peaks of the goddess Nanda. The main summit stands guarded by a barrier ring comprising some of the highest mountains in the Indian Himalayas (one of which is Nanda Devi East), twelve of which exceed 6,400 m (21,000 ft) in height, further elevating its sacred status as the daughter of the Himalaya in local myth and folklore. The interior of this almost insurmountable ring is known as the Nanda Devi Sanctuary, and is protected as the Nanda Devi National Park. Nanda Devi East lies on the eastern edge of the ring (and of the Park), at the border of Chamoli, Pithoragarh and Bageshwar districts.
In addition to being the 23rd highest independent peak in the world, Nanda Devi is also notable for its large, steep rise above local terrain. It rises over above its immediate southwestern base on the Dakkhni Nanda Devi Glacier in about , and its rise above the glaciers to the north is similar. This makes it among the steepest peaks in the world at this scale, closely comparable, for example, to the local profile of K2. Nanda Devi is also impressive when considering terrain that is a bit further away, as it is surrounded by relatively deep valleys. For example, it rises over above the valley of the Ghoriganga in only .[2]
On the northern side of the massif lies the Uttari Nanda Devi Glacier, flowing into the Uttari Rishi Glacier. To the southwest, one finds the Dakkhni Nanda Devi Glacier, flowing into the Dakkhni Rishi Glacier. All of these glaciers are located within the Sanctuary, and drain west into the Rishiganga. To the east lies the Pachu Glacier, and to the southeast lie the Nandaghunti and Lawan Glaciers, feeding the Lawan Gad; all of these drain into the Milam Valley. To the south is the Pindari Glacier, draining into the Pindar River. Just to the south of Nanda Devi East, dividing the Lawan Gad drainage from the Dakkhni Nanda Devi Glacier, is Longstaff Col, , one of the high passes that guard access to the Nanda Devi Sanctuary.[2] For a list of notable peaks of the Sanctuary and its environs, see Nanda Devi National Park.
When the mountain was later climbed in 1936 by a British-American expedition, it became the highest peak climbed by man until the 1950 ascent of Annapurna, . (However higher non-summit elevations had already been reached by the British on Mount Everest in the 1920s.) It also involved steeper and more sustained terrain than had been previously attempted at such a high altitude.[1] The expedition climbed the south ridge, also known as the Coxcomb Ridge, which leads relatively directly to the main summit.[3] The summit pair were H.W. Tilman and Noel Odell; Charles Houston was to be in place of Tilman, but he contracted severe food poisoning. Noted mountaineer and mountain writer H. Adams Carter was also on the expedition, which was notable for its small scale and lightweight ethic: it included only seven climbers, and used no fixed ropes, nor any Sherpa support above . Eric Shipton, who was not involved in the climb itself, called it "the finest mountaineering achievement ever performed in the Himalaya."[1]
After abortive attempts by Indian expeditions in 1957 and 1961, the second ascent of Nanda Devi was accomplished by an Indian team led by N. Kumar in 1964, following the Coxcomb route.
Attempts were made from 1965 to 1968 by the CIA to place a plutonium-powered listening device high on Nanda Devi, to monitor possible Chinese nuclear activity in Tibet, but the device was lost in an avalanche.[3] (Recent reports indicate that radiation traces from this device have been discovered in sediment below the mountain.[4]) The actual data is not conclusive, however, but the absence of Pu-238 (the isotope that powered the device) in the sample proves that any Pu present could not have come from the device. As a result of this activity, the Sanctuary was closed to climbing by foreign expeditions during much of the 1960s, and was not re-opened until 1974.
In 1976, a large Japanese Indian expedition set up camp with the stated purpose of completing the two peak traverse. This was accomplished in efficient fashion by two members and several members climbed both the East and West peaks.
A difficult new route, the northwest buttress, was climbed by a thirteen-person team in 1976. Three Americans, John Roskelley, Jim States and Lou Reichardt, summitted on September 1. The expedition was co-led by Louis Reichardt, H. Adams Carter (who was on the 1936 climb) and Willi Unsoeld, who climbed the West Ridge of Everest in 1963. Unsoeld's daughter, Nanda Devi Unsoeld, who was named after the peak, died on this expedition.[5][6]
In 1980, The Indian Army Corps of Engineers made an unsuccessful attempt.
In 1981, the first women stand on the summit as part of a mixed Indian team, led by Col Balwant Sandhu. Rekha Sharma, Harshwanthi Bisht and Chandraprabha Aitwal, partnered by Dorjee Lhatoo, Ratan Singh and Sonam Paljor respectively, climbed on three ropes and summitted consecutively. The expedition was notable for the highest ascent ever made by Indian women up to that point in time, a descent complicated by retinal edema and vision loss in the climbing leader and a subsequent failed claim of a solo ascent by a later member of the same expedition. All three women went on to Everest in 1984 but did not make the summit although Sonam Paljor and Dorjee Lhatoo did. Dorjee Lhatoo cimbed Nanda Devi East in 1975 and participated in the 1976 Indo-Japanese expedition as well.
This was followed in 1981 by another Indian Army expedition of the Parachute Regiment which attempted both main and East peaks simultaneously. The expedition had placed a memorial to Nanda Devi Unsoeld at the high altitude meadow of Sarson Patal prior to the attempt. The successful attempt unfortunately lost all its summiteers.
In 1993, a forty member team of the Indian Army from the Corps of Engineers is given special permission. The aim of the expedition is multifold - to carry out an ecological survey, clean up the garbage left by previous expeditions and to attempt the peak. The team included a number of wildlife scientists and ecologists from Wildlife Institute of India, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, World Wide Fund for Nature and GB Pant Institute for Himalayan Environment and Development amongst others. The expedition carried out a comprehensive ecological survey and removed, by porter and helicopter, over a thousand kilograms of garbage right out of the park. The team also successfully scaled the peak placing five summiteers, namely Amin Nayak, Anand Swaroop, G.K.Sharma, Didar Singh and S.P. Bhatt, on top.[7]
Nanda Devi East was first climbed in 1939 by a four-member Polish expedition led by Adam Karpiński[8]. They climbed the south ridge, from Longstaff Col; this is still the standard route on the peak. The summit party were Jakub Bujak and Janusz Klarner.[3] Karpiński and Stefan Bernadzikiewicz died later in an attempt on Trishuli.
The first attempt to traverse the ridge between the main summit and Nanda Devi East resulted in the death of two members of a French expedition in 1951. Team leader Roger Duplat and Gilbert Vignes disappeared on the ridge somewhere below the main summit.[3] Tenzing Norgay was in a support team on this expedition; he and Louis Dubost climbed Nanda Devi East to look for the missing pair. Some years later Tenzing was asked what was the most difficult climb he ever did, expecting him to say Mount Everest; he surprised his interlocutors by saying Nanda Devi East.
An Indo-French East-West Traverse expedition, back for some unfinished business, in 1975 successfully put several members on both peaks but the traverse remained unconsummated until the following year. The East Peak was climbed by Chamonix climbers Walter Cecchinel, Dorjee Lhatoo and Yves Pollet-Villard, climbing lightweight and unroped from Camp IV.
In 1981, an Indian Army expedition followed the same line. Phu Dorjee Sherpa, a climbing instructor from the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute and his partner fell from the vicinity of the final ice field. It is assumed that they summitted.
The standard approach to the south ridge route, from the Milam Valley to the east, passes through Lawan Glacier via Lawan Gad and thence to Longstaff Col. The trek to base camp goes through the villages of Munsiyari, Lilam, Bogudiar, Martoli, Nasanpatti, and Bhadeligwar. An alternate route climbs the southwest face, from a base camp inside the Sanctuary.
After the re-opening of the Sanctuary in 1974 to foreign climbers, trekkers, and locals, the fragile ecosystem was soon compromised by firewood cutting, garbage, and grazing. Serious environmental problems were noted as early as 1977, and the sanctuary was closed in 1983.[3] Currently, Nanda Devi forms the core of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (which includes Nanda Devi National Park), declared by the Indian government in 1982. In 1988, Nanda Devi National Park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, "of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humankind."[9] The entire sanctuary, and hence the main summit (and interior approaches to the nearby peaks) are off-limits to locals and to climbing expeditions though a one-time exception was made in 1993 for a 40-member team from the Indian Army Corps of Engineers to check the state of recovery and to remove garbage left by prior expeditions.[7] Nanda Devi East remains open from the east side, leading to the standard south ridge route.
cs:Nandá Déví cy:Nanda Devi de:Nanda Devi es:Nanda Devi fr:Nanda Devi hi:नंदा देवी पर्वत it:Nanda Devi mr:नंदादेवी nl:Nanda Devi no:Nanda Devi nn:Nanda Devi pnb:نندا دیوی pl:Nanda Devi pt:Nanda Devi ru:Нанда-Деви sk:Nandádéví fi:Nanda Devi sv:Nanda Devi th:ยอดเขานันทาเทวี uk:Нанда-Деві
Nandagiri ("hill of pleasure" ) is the name of several places in India. It may refer to a village in Andhra Pradesh, a suburb of Hyderabad or a hill fortress in Karnataka.
The village Nandagiri is in Pegadapalle mandal in Karimnagar district of Andhra Pradesh state. It has 3 temples nearby.
Local traditions:
Nandagiri hills (Jubilee Hills) is a suburb of the city of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. Recently there has been controversy over the auctioning of plots in the hills by the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority, which apparently ignored the needs of the homeless[1][2].
Nandagiri in Karnataka is the famous Nandidroog, which was captured by Lord Cornwallis on his march to Seringapatam. From early times the Ganga Princes possessed the title of "Nandigiri Lords." The origin of this place may be found in the tradition that Vishnu Vardhana of the Eastern Chalukyas dynasty settled at Dharmapuri on the western bank of the Godavari river. Four hundred villages or towns became subject to him. His son was Nandu, who built a town called Nandagiri, in which the four castes of Hindus were located.[3]
Nandagiri was changed into Nandi-Giri by the Cholas in the 11th century, and it means the hill of Nandi - the name of the sacred bull of Siva.[4]
Nandagiri was ruled by a Bijialudu in the sixth century CE. He constructed the Saraswathi temple at Basar. In the 17th century, the idols of the temple were reinstated by a chieftain of Nandagiri (Nandeed) subsequent to destruction caused by the Muslim invaders.[5]